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A Certificate of Analysis is the only document that describes the product in front of you rather than the product line it belongs to. It has three parts: a header, a cannabinoid panel and a set of safety screens. The whole thing takes about ninety seconds to read once you know the order. This page walks a COA top to bottom for South Carolina readers, which fields tie the report to the package in your hand, how potency is expressed on each format, what each safety screen covers, and where the report stops being able to help you. Woman-owned since 2017.

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Publishing a lab report is easy. Publishing one that matches the jar in your hand is the part that takes work. Every batch is tested, the report posted is the report for that batch rather than a flattering older one, and lot numbers stay on the package so the two can be matched in seconds. If a panel is missing something you expected, that absence is information as well, which is why we would rather you read it than take our word. Woman-owned since 2017.

Where to Start

Read one report end to end before comparing any two products. Start with a CBD panel, the simplest layout, then a CBG or CBN report to see how a second cannabinoid line behaves. Move to hemp Delta-9 gummies for the milligram-per-unit column, then THCa flower for the acid and delta-9 lines together. Leave THCa vapes and Delta-8 for last, since those are the two where the safety screens do the most work.

The Header: What Ties the Report to Your Package

Four fields do the work at the top. The sample or product name should match what you have. The batch or lot number should match the code printed on the package. The lab name tells you who ran it, and the dates tell you when the sample was received and reported.

If the lot numbers do not match, nothing further down the page applies to your product. That single check catches more problems than any amount of scrutiny of the potency figures, and it takes about five seconds.

The Potency Panel, Line by Line

Each cannabinoid gets a row, usually with a percentage by weight and, on edibles, a milligram-per-unit column. The dominant line is the one on the front of the package; the smaller lines underneath are the ones marketing never mentions, and they are often the more interesting read.

Which column to use depends on the format. Percentages are the sensible unit on THCa flower and concentrates, where the product is sold by weight. Milligrams per piece are the sensible unit on edibles. Mixing the two is how a gummy ends up compared against an eighth of flower and neither comparison means anything.

The Safety Screens and What Each One Covers

Pesticides cover what was applied to the crop. Heavy metals cover what the plant drew out of the soil, since hemp is efficient at taking up metals. Microbial screens cover mold, yeast and bacteria, with mycotoxins sometimes reported separately. Residual solvents cover the extraction process and apply to concentrates rather than flower.

Each screen uses its own instrumentation. Volatile compounds, solvents and terpenes among them, are typically handled by gas chromatography paired with mass spectrometry, the pairing used in Identification of Terpene Compositions in the Leaves and Inflorescences of Hybrid Cannabis Species Using Headspace-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. That separation of methods is why a report can be complete on potency and silent on aroma.

Where a Report Stops Being Able to Help

A COA measures content. It does not predict experience, and it cannot describe a batch it never tested. It also cannot settle whether the full mix of compounds in a product behaves differently from its parts, which is an open research question rather than a finding; the review Decoding the Postulated Entourage Effect of Medicinal Cannabis: What It Is and What It Isn’t sets out how much is actually established.

So read it for what it is good at. It confirms the batch, the potency and the screens, and it exposes the gap between a front label and the material behind it. For anyone weighing how hemp flower interacts with a drug test, the panel is where the relevant numbers live, even though the answer itself sits outside the report.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a Certificate of Analysis?

A lab report on one specific batch. It names the sample, the lab that ran it and the dates involved, then lists the cannabinoids detected and the results of the safety screens. It describes that lot only, which is why the same product can have dozens of different certificates over its life.

How do I check that a COA describes the product I have?

Match the batch or lot number on the report to the one printed on the package. If they differ, the report describes a different production run, however similar the product looks. Also check the sample name and the date, since an old report attached to a new package is the most common mismatch.

What does ND mean on a lab report?

Not detected, meaning the compound did not appear above the level the lab can reliably measure. It is not the same as absolute zero. The reporting limit is usually printed alongside, and reading the two together is how you tell a genuine absence from a trace amount that fell below the threshold.

What do the safety panels on a COA cover?

Four screens do most of the work: pesticides, heavy metals, residual solvents and microbial contamination, with mycotoxins added on some reports. Each is a separate analysis with its own method, which is why a report can carry a full cannabinoid panel and still be missing a screen you wanted to see.

Why does a THCa flower report show two different THC numbers?

Because it is measuring two molecules. THCa is the acid form present in raw flower, and delta-9 THC is what heat converts it into, so both get their own line. Reports that also quote a total THC figure are combining them, using 0.877 times the THCa result plus the delta-9 result.

What is a reporting limit or LOQ?

The smallest amount the method can measure with confidence. Anything below it is reported as not detected rather than as a number, because the instrument cannot separate it from background noise. Two labs with different limits can therefore produce slightly different-looking reports on identical material.

How recent should a Certificate of Analysis be?

Recent enough to describe the batch you have, which matters more than the calendar date on its own. A report from last year is perfectly valid for a batch made last year. The mismatch to watch for is a current package pointing at a report for a lot that was made and sold long ago.

Does a Certificate of Analysis show terpenes?

Only when a terpene panel was requested. It runs on different instrumentation from the cannabinoid analysis and is requested separately, so plenty of otherwise complete reports do not include one. Its absence says nothing about the product; it says the test was not requested.

What are residual solvents and why are they screened?

Traces of the solvents used during extraction, tested to confirm the finishing steps removed them. The screen matters most on extracts and concentrates, since flower never meets a solvent in the first place. It is one of the clearest reasons to read a vape report rather than assume.

What can a lab report not tell me?

How a product will suit you. A panel is a measurement of content, not a prediction of experience, and it says nothing about how the compounds behave together once consumed. It also cannot cover a batch it did not test, which is the whole reason lot numbers exist.